Plural sac fountain pen



May 24, 1960 M. P. RIBAs PLURAL sAc FOUNTAIN PEN Nlpop fil zal

fas

Filed June 8,

May 24, 1960 M. P. RIBAs PLURAL sAc FOUNTAIN PEN 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 FiledJune 8, 1956 l INVENTOR. M. Ibm Evbzz PLURAL SAC FOUNTAIN PEN y ManuelPorts Ribas, 4 de Febrero St., Torello,

` Province of Barcelona, Spain Filed June s, 1956, ser. No. 590,232

Claims priority, application Spain May 3, 1956 4 claims. `(cl.12o-42.16)

The present invention relates to improvements in the manufacture ofwriting instruments and more particularly to those instruments of thekind comprising a collapsible container wherein the ink is contained,connected with a collapsing mechanism acting upon such container toeffect the refill thereof and with a nib or the like device to transferthe ink to the paper during writing.

The main object of the invention is to provide a new writing instrumentof the kind referred which is capable of containing a greater amountofthe ink than is usually permissible in the common fountain pens,although occupying less space in the pocket or purse where itis kept,vand adapted to retain some ink reserve which permitsY one to continueusing the instrument some time after the normal ink reserve isexhausted.

A further object of the invention is to provide a new refillingmechanism for use in writing instruments of the kind referred to bymeans of which a fraction of a turn applied on a driving organ is enough'to effectthe complete refill of the ink container. In other words therefilling operation with this instrument can be performed in anessentially small fraction of the time required with the instrumentsknown` in the art.

'A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel nib forWriting instruments ofthe specified kind which makes it possible towrite with the two sides thereof, preferably with different stiffness inboth sides, for example a stiffness for the normal writing and a second'stiffness for signing, although it may be manufactured at a cost by farreduced as compared with the common nibs.

Therefore, according to the invention, the writing i`nstrument whichwill be described comprises a barrel provided with a bushing in itswriting end carrying 'mounted therein a conductor or supporting andfeedingeleme'nt for a nib adapted for contact engagement with a writingsurface and to distribute some amount of ink thereon, the said barrelenclosing two or more sacks or collapsible ink containers with theirinner space connected in common with the said conductor, and means tocollapse the said sacks so that a variation of the inner volume thereofis produced.

Other and further objects of the invention will Vbe apparent from thefollowing detailed discussion of some preferred embodiments of theinvention taken together with the accompanying drawings in which Fig. lis a plan view of the instrument, open or in writing position, with thecap shown in diametral section; e

Fig. 2 is a similar view to that vof Fig. 1 but' with the writing end ofthe pen partially cut away to show its parts and with a furtherembodiment of cap;

Fig. 3-A is an enlarged vertical sectional view of the upper end portionof the instrument;

Fig. 3B is an enlarged vertical sectional view of the lower end portionof the instrument;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged transverse sectional view in the plane of line 4 4on Fig. 3A;

Fig. 5 is an enlarged transverse` sectionalview in the plane ofline-S--S on Fig. 3-A;

United States `latent 'plane of line 13-13 on Fig. 3-A.

2,937,618 Patented Mey 24,1960

. ICC.

the

'plane of line 10-10 en Fig. s-B;

Fig. 1l is a diametral section of the bearing member Vof the fillingmechanism; e M

Fig. 12. is an end view as observed from the left of Fig. 11; and

Fig. 13 is an enlarged transverse sectional view in the As it will beappreciated in the figures, the pen is formed of a barrel 20 ofelongated shape and slightly tapered towards the writing end of theinstrument where it has connected the bushing 21 which supports theconductor 22 provided with the nib 23. Within the barrel, the conductoris connected to the support 24 which receives the two sacks or.collapsible containers Z5 for the ink. The rear, open end of the barrelreceivesa bearing 26 wherein the refilling mechanism 27 can revolve, thelatter being operable from the outside by means of the protruding knob281 The figures show a cap 29 fttedupon the rear end of the instrumentwhich can be withdrawnv from this location and applied upon the writingend ofthe instrument for the purpose of protecting the nib. In this newposition the cap is frictionally fast by means of the catches 30. j j

The cross sectional shapes of the barrel 20 can'be appreciated fromFigs. 6 to 9, inclusive, and `it is chosen for two considerations ofparamount importance in the art.V

According to a first consideration the outer surface of the barrel isformed of four curvilinear surfaces 31, 32, 33 and 34. vThe surfaces 31and 33 correspond to 'a same cylinder, while the surfaces 32 and 34correspond to different cylinders having the respective axis somewhatoffset beyond the opposite surface. According to this construction it ispossible to manufacture the barrel and the refilling knob 28 byinjecting, casting or molding usual materials, and thereafter thedescribed cylindrical sur-- faces can.be ground to give to the pen theappearance of a fountain pen thoroughly machined, yet at the cost of acheap pen made of cast, injected or molded components. Furthermore Vthecolor choice is wider when it is the case of the materials adapted to beinjected or cast as distinct from the case of the rods from which thepriced pens are machined.

Further advantages of this outer construction are the fact that owing toits flattened shape Vthe pen does not tend to roll when it is placedover a surface, and that it occupies less space in the pocket or pursewhere it .is held. Also, this oval construction reduces the fatigue ofthe writer'since it conforms better between the fingers of the hand andallows a more even distribution ofthe pressures thereon.

The second consideration resides in the fact that it permits one toarrange within the barrel two or more sacks, as will be describedhereafter. The cross-sections of the sacks and the outer shell thereofbeing different, theheat transfer from the hand through this shell andup to the ink containers takes place in very unfavourable conditions andthereby the final heating of the air contained within the said sacksover the ink provision is,

slower, thereby avoiding the possibility of an ink draft occurringtowards the nib due to a rapid rise of the inner temperature of theinstrument. From the above description, it will be apparent that theprovision of two ink containing sacks provides a greater ink supplywhereby the instrument is capable of use for a relatively long period oftime between reiilling operations.

The barrel 20 tapers towards the front end thereof and the end of thebushing. 21 projecting therefrom is of generally conical form. At thisend there is the axial bore 35 where the bushing 21 is mounted. Theinner end of the bore 3S leads to the hollow 36 of the barrel formedwith an accurately machined bottom wall 37 from which the cylindricalwalls 38 of the barrel extend towards the rear end of the latter incoaxial arrangement with the bore and with the other walls 39, likewisecylindrical and eccentric as regards the former ones and with their axiscontained in a longitudinal, median plane of the instrument. i

Hitherto, diiculties have been always experienced in connection with theassembling of the pen, and it is usually necessary to use gauges andcement to bind its several components so that they remain thereafterconnected in a suii'iciently lasting condition. Contrarily, owing to the`special construction which will be described hereafter,

these aids may be entirely dispensed with. To this end the bushing 21has the tapered portion 40 whose largest end is adjacent to the end ofthe barrel and abuts it in a confronting plane 41 from which thecylindrical portion 42 extends, the latter having a diametercorresponding to that of the bore 35 and a length which is sufficient toprotrude slightly within the space 36 of the barrel. This protrudingportion is provided with a fine thread 43 which screws into acorrespondingly threaded bore 44 formed in the support 24, the outersection of which corresponds to the inner section of the barrel so thatthe support cannot revolve within the barrel. This support is formed,moreover, with a terminal plane 45 which engages with the bottom 37.Thus, it is suicient, to mount the ensemble in the barrel, to screw homethe bushing 21 once set in position on the support 24.

From the rear face of the support 24 extend' two parallel nipples 46receiving the two sacks 25 which, thus are located in parallelarrangement within the space 36 and adjacent to the eccentric surfaces39. An impervious seal is provided between the mouths of the sacks 25and the nipples 46 by any known means, for example by means ofperipheral grooves 47. The deection of the said sacks producesvariations of volume in the inner spaces thereof, which may be used toeiect the rell and discharge of the device. In the appropriate place ofthe description reference will be had to a device for deecting the saidsacks.

The capillary conduits 48 have been provided at the bottom of thenipples 46 and communicate with the bottom of the bore 44 with thepurpose of feeding the conductor with ink. These conduits 48 arearranged very close to the longitudinal axis of the device as will beseen in Figures 3 and 8, so that in the inclined position of the penduring the writting both sacks are exhausted simultaneously, but at themoment of the ink reserve being terminated, there still remains someamount of ink under the lower conduit which may be used until attainingan opportunity for refilling the pen.

As will be seen in Figures 2, 3, 9 and l0, the conductor 22 consists ofa cylindrical body 49 having an outer diameter corresponding to that ofthe bore 50 in the bushing, so that it may be pressure fitted in thelatter. The conductor has an axial hole 51 which extends from its rearend to a location close to its front end, but it does not communicatedirectly with the outside. A rear section in this hole is partiallyobturated by the conduit 52 formed of a cylindrical member fastened byany suitv able means, for example pressure iitted, within the hole 51and provided with a at 53 in its upper portion and two capillarypassageways 54 extending vertically from the latter, therebyconstituting suitable leaders for the feetliisng of the nib and for therecovering of air for the sac A substantial portion of the body 49 isformed with a horizontal, diametral cut 55 placed in communication withthe said-axial hole 51. The nib 23 is housed in this cut so that asubstantial portion thereof is included within the said hole. This,during the performance of the instrument, is filled with the ink whichcomes thereto through the described capillary spaces from the sacks and,since it forms wide cavities at both sides of the nib, obviates all ofthe electrolysis phenomeuons normally encountered when using veryconductive links in view of their high pH. Furthermore, as the contactsurface of the conduit plastic with the metal of the nib issubstantially reduced to the edges of the latter, the electrostaticaction of the plastic is also reduced, thereby considerably restrictingthe typical action of braking or exciting the ink ow when the outeragents tend to change the sense of the said electrostatic charges.

The nib 23 bisects the hole 51 as is indicated in Fig. l() and theportion of the hole at one side of the nib functions as a normalconductor for the ink ow to the writing end of the nib while the portionof the hole at the opposite side of the nib provides an air passage forthe recovering of the sacks upon diminishing their ink contents withoutthe necessity of adding special devices to make possible thisperformance in both writing positions, as is normally encountered in thedevices devised for this use. Furthermore, it has the effect of an inkdam when permitting the accumulation of any excess of ink that couldtake place because of a rapid overheating or shock.

The nib 23 is formed of a metallic strip, slightly wedged rearwardly toelect its fastening within the cut S5, but in its essentials it is atand shows a rectangular, rear section 56 which engages the conductor anda front triangular portion 57, provided at its vertex with the points 58and with a split 59 extending up to the opening 60.

This nib is located within the median plane of the instrument so thatthe inclination over the writing sur face is not affected by the facethereof which is being used. To widen the use feasibilities of the nibin both its writing. positions, the conductor ends 61, 62 placed at bothfaces of the nib may be cut to different lengths thereby .providingdifferent degrees of deection to the nib according to the writingposition selected. This permits one to have a normal writing and aharder writing, corresponding to the placing of the longer conductor onthe upper part, which may be used, for example, for-signing.

The edges of the nib come to the wall of the bushing so that theyintersect the peripheral grooves 63, of capillary measurements, formedin the lower third of the conductor. These grooves make a complementarydam effect, but as the ink layer thus formed is split in half, thepossibility of ejection of some amount of ink is reduced, or at leastthe amount of ink ejected is less.

The nib being flat, it becomes possible for the manufacturer todetermine a priori and accurately the width of the stroke irrespectiveof the pressure that the user will make during the writing. On the otherhand, once the point is welded and the nib opened from point 58 up tothe opening, the separation retains a constant value in all its lengthand equivalent to the thickness of the 4 tool used in this operation,since the material of the nib is `deprived of internal tensions due tothe tiled shape of the common nibs. On the other hand, the deflection ofthe nib in response to the writing pressure is performed in a verticalplane, viz. no variation of the split or the resulting stroke width willtake place. This considerably widens the range of use of the pen, sinceit can be used to write with several carbon copies without thisincreasing the thickness of the stroke on the first original sheet.

From the described construction it will be recognized that the ink isexcluded from contacting the outer plastics, and thereby there is noneed for bearing in mind this @anemie feature inthe choice' of thematerials which are lto formgthe outer members of the pen.y Owing to the'same reason it is now possible to use either acid or alkali inks, aswell as the so-called fast drying inks. I

In spite of its great capacity, the new pen can be refilled in a timefar shorter than the usual, with a single fraction of a turn applied onthe refilling knob 28.` To this end the knob is formed of a molded orinjected component whose outer shape is complementary of that of thebarrel body at its rear end. Owing to the flattened shape of thisbarrel, the member 28 may be easily grasped to impart thereto-a rotationand to return it to its initial position in the refilling operation.

This member 28 is molded or injected on the end of a rod 64 formed withan axial bore 65 at its rear end and radial holes 66 which communicatewith the latter so that the injection or molding material comes intothese spaces and, upon hardening, gives an intimate fastening of themember with the rod.

The rod 64 is guided for rotation and slides in axial -direction in thehole 670 of the bearing 26 which forms a part of thel member 67 pressurefitted within the open 'rear end ofthe barrel 20. This rod protrudeswithin the barrel and is formed with a longitudinal diametral cut 68wherein the rear end of the tongue-shaped, metallic strip 70 is receivedand fastened lby means of the screw 69. The tongue extendslongitudinally and forwardly between the two sacks 25 as will beappreciated by the broken line showing in Fig. 7. In the positionillustrated it permits the two sacks to attain their maximum loadingcapacity, but it is obvious that when the knob 28 is rotatedanticlockwise the tongue will revolve thereby flattening thetwosacks'from opposite sides. In Fig. 7 there is shown an intermediateposition within this movement and thus producing a reduction in itsvolume and corresponding ejection of the fluid contained lthereinthrough the capillary passageways of the front end of the pin. Duringthe reverse motion the resiliency vof the material of which the sacksare made make each of them reassume its :original shape, therebyincreasing in volume, a negative pressure being created therein whichmay be used to draw into the sacks a corresponding amount of ink.

It is to-be observed that for the sake of'maximum clarity of disclosure,the showing of the sacks 25 and vthe tongue 70 are shown ininverted-.position in Fig. 7

and wherein the dot-and-dash outline of the tongue indicates the normalrest position of the device while the solidv outline indicates anintermediate position relative to the sack collapsing position.

It will be understood that a rotation of about 90 is sufficient toattain the maximum volume variation of the sacks and, therefore, therefilling of the instrument, or the cleaning thereof. In this connectionit is to be kept invmind that, because of the great capacity of the twosacks together and the great speed with which the refilling andunloading can be performed, the ink is drawn and ejected with a greatvelocity through the capillary passageways which intercommunicate thesacks with the nib, thereby drawing therealong the eventual sediments orimpurities which could be set and minimizing the chances of clogging.

'Ihe member 67 is mounted within the barrel 20 so that its rear face 671is somewhat recessed within the Atheilanks of this groove being disposedin planes which ffa're' longitudinal tothe instrument and incontinuation of the left and right sides ofthe projections71 and 72, re

spectively. The memberfZS has 'an axialpextension 7'3 formed of acylindrical body the diameter of which is greater than the spacingbetween the edges of the projec- Y tions 71, 72 and provided with twolongitudinal, parallel faces 74, 75 the spacing of which is equivalentto the width of the groove 672. The extension 73, in the nor-y mal usingposition illustrated in the figures, engages the groove 672 under theaction of the compression spring.

76, so that this extension is prevented from rotating, the refillingmechanism thus remaining in a limited, angular position of the device.But it is obvious that the ensemble can be rotated anticlockwise (Fig.6) until the face 74 ofthe extension 73 comes in contact engagement withthe right face of the projection 71 and the face 75 of this extensioncomes in contact with the left face of the projection 72, after havingdisplaced in axial direction the described refilling mechanism bypulling the knob 28 until the end of the bushing 77 which surrounds theend of the rod 64 contacts the end of the bearing 26. Between thesetwolimit positions are performedthe operations of filling and refilling ofthe device. The spring 76 rests against the inner end of the bearing 26and reacts against an outwardly extending shoulder 78 formed at the endfarthest from the said bearing, of the bushing 77. This shoulder restsagainst the lateral edges, recessed at 79,

rof the strip 70 so that they tend to maintain the movable Vensembleapplied against the rear end of the barrel. The

Vrel 20.

For fastening the cap in this position, I have provided the catches 30consisting of pressed members which show a shallow cylindrical portion81 which is plugged in radial holes 82 formed in the major faces of thebarrel and near the front end of the latter. 'Ihe inner end of themembers 81, corresponding to the mouth of the pressing is flared so thatit forms an outwardly extending flange 83 preventing the catch fromescaping through the hole 82 and serve the further purpose of restingagainst the lateral surface of the support 24. The ilength Y innermember may be fastened in position within the capV of the cylindricalportion is equivalent to the thickness of the barrel wall, so that theouter end thereof just protrudes from the lateral surface of the barrel.These ends are formed in the shape of outwardly convex bottoms 84, forthe pressed member, s o that they admit some elastic deflection uponbeing depressed by the metallic shell of the cap when the latter isinserted in position. v i l An inner member 85 fits within the shell 80and is constituted by a member of suitable plastic showing av lateralsurface corresponding to the inner surface of the shell, and two facedends 86, 87 respectively. Although the shell by mere pressure fitting itis preferable to use the Ifastening devices illustrated, consisting oftwol -small rivets 89 which cross the shell 80y through holes providedfor this purpose at opposite sides thereof and are secured to the bodyof the member 85. The stem of each of said rivets is hollow so that itprovides an inner passage 89 which extends transversely to some extentwithin the member 85. Thereafter the longitudinal conduits 90 ex- 4 tendfrom these passages and up to the face 87 abutting in the lower portionof the cap to form suitable vents.

The inner member 85 has a tapered hole 91 which Vextends from the endthereof closest to the mouth of the cap and to a location near theopposite end thereof. "Ihe tapering of the hole 91 corresponds to thatof the bushing 21 and its depth is that suitable to protect thenib ,and

element therewith'associated when the cap is completely inserted overthe writing end of the instrument; The mouth of this tapered hole has aflaring 92 with an angle slightly greater, which allows the setting ofthe inner member with the rear end of the instrument when the ensembleis in the writing disposition illustrated in the ligures, and with theend of the bushing 21 in the closed position.

A plurality of circular grooves 93 have been formed in the tapered hole91. The purpose of these grooves is to increase the contact surfacesbetween the plastic and the air retained within the inner member whenthe pen is in closed position, thereby enhancing the thermal exchangebetween the inside and the outside and reducing the chances forcondensations taking place within the inner member when the cap iscooler than the remainder of the pen. On the other hand, if thesegrooves are given a capillary measurement as regards the inks used, theymay perform the effect of a dam to hold some amounts of ink that couldbe inadvertently ejected from the nib.

The rear end 86 of the inner member is somewhat spaced from the end ofthe shell 80, thus forming a space wherein the clip fastening device ishoused. The terminal end of this cover has an axial hole 94 throughwhich a metallic or plastic ferrule 95 protrudes, the inner portion ofthe latter fitting with the inner surface of the cap and is providedwith a faced base 96 having perforated therein an axial bore 97. Flushwith the base 96, the shell 80 is provided with a rectangular opening 98disposed with one major side thereof in registry with the edge of thesaid base 96. The end of the clip 99 runs through this opening and isfastened to the ferrule by means of the screw 100 engageable with thehole 97 which, to this end, is suitably threaded. The fastening of theensemble is completed by the presence of the member or spacing bushing101 which tits within the shell 80 and clamped between the end of theclip and the upper base 86 of the inner.

As will be seen -in Figures l, 2 and 5 the clip is constituted by a atlaminated wire, bent at 180 at the free end 102 of the clip and with itsends superimposed at the fastening end thereof. The two wire arms thusformed are adjacent to one another for the greater part of the cliplength, so that upon elastic deflection of their intermediate portion103 produced to insert or to withdraw the pen from the edge of a pocketor the like, these parts are bent independently of one another withdifferent ratio, thereby permitting greater etciency and safety in theperformance of the clip. Also the material stress is reduced, so thatthere is no loss in tension as normally encountered with the commonlaminar clips.

As it has been found, the common clips in order to be efcient in theirfunction of safely retaining the pen or like instrument in position onthe edge of a pocket or pocket-book, have to be provided of aconsiderable strength, with the result that they normally produce anoticeable wear of the clothes at the places where the pen is commonlycarried. This wear is still more noticeable with tine clothes. Thisdrawback is obviated with the clip according to the invention by thefact that it is provided With two semicircularly bent portions 104 intheir inner arms, which distribute in a better manner the fasteningpressure without reducing the effectiveness of the clip.

In the priced models the performance of the clip may be still improvedso that, besides its deflecting action above described, they have aseparating motion as regards the cap, manually controlled by the user,so that in this case, as the own pressure of the clip does not operateduring the sliding thereof over the cloth, this pressure can besubstantially increased, also to provide an additional safety againsttheft.

This embodiment is that described with reference to Figures 2 to 4,inclusive. In this instance, the ferrule 95 is substituted by apush-button 105 protruding in sliding disposition through the terminalopening 94 of the shell and formed, within the shell, with a widenedflange l, 106. Against this ange'rests an-intermediate member 107 havinga transversely extending groove 108 aligned with the opening 98 throughwhich the clip comes to the outside. The inner end of the clip isfastened in this groove by means of the `screw `109 which crosses thelatter through a hole provided for this purpose and is fastened in anaxial threaded hole formed in the member 107. The ensemble is maintainedin the position illustrated by means of the helical spring 110 whichreacts between the inner end of the clip and the upper face 86 of theinner member 85, and is guided by an axial tenon 111 extending upwardlyfrom. the said face. For the purpose of restricting the oscillation ofthe clip to the axial plane of the instrument, the screw 109 is provided`with a comparatively long head 112 which tits in a groove 113transversely extending in the upper face ofthe said tenon.

When the end of the push-button is axially depressed, it recoils in acorresponding manner within the cap shell while overcoming theresistance of the spring and the clip 99 oscillating in counterclockwisedi rection, its end will leave the cap to permit the insertiontherebetween of the pocket edge in which it is desired to fasten theinstrument. Upon releasing the` described push-button, the force of thespring 110 applies the salient portions thereof 104 strongly against theside of the cap thereby clamping the cloth therebetween. Of course, theouter surface of the cap may be provided at suitable locations withsurface constructions enhancing the adherence of the fingers whenoperating the push-button.

At all events the clip proper is constituted by a flat strip,cylindrical wire thereby avoiding the sharp edges normally occurringwhen cutting or stamping the plate clips. Furthermore, since the clip ismade of laminated wire, it may be manufactured starting from anybimetal, without leaving exposed surfaces at the outside of the cap andwithout the need for applying further protective coatings which aredestroyed with use and spoil the appearance of the instrument.

It is obvious, of course, that some variations, such as size and shape,as well as suitable materials can be used n the present inventionwithout departing from the scope thereof as defined in the appendedclaims.

I claim:

1. A writing instrument, comprising an elongated barrel provided with abushing at the writing end thereof, a writing nib supported within saidbushing, a pair of elongated collapsible ink containers mounted withinsaid barrel in parallel side-by-side relation and at opposite sides ofthe axis of the barrel, cooperating means within said barrel and saidbushing for conducting ink from said container to said writing nib,means disposed between said sacks and being supported for rotation aboutsaid axis for collapsing said container with resulting variations of thevolume thereof, a support disposed within said barrel adjacent thewriting end thereof, said bushing having its inner end threaded intosaid support, the bushing having a portion bearing on the writing end ofsaid barrel, said support being provided with a pair of nipples withwhich said ink containers are in communication, and said support beingprovided with capillary passages communicating with said bushing.

2. A writing instrument according to claim l, wherein f said containercollapsing means comprises a strip member,

and means for rotating said strip about said axis for effecting thecollapsing of said container.

3. A writing instrument according to claim 2, together with a -rotationblocking means in the position of maximum capacity of the container.

4. A writing instrument according to claim 2, wherein said strip memberis connected to a rod, a bearing fixed with respect to said barrel, ahousing `in which a portion of said rod can be received in the positionof maximum capacity of the container, and resilient means holding saidrod portion engaged with the housing while allow- 9 ing same to free thesaid portion with respect to the housing during the operation of therefill-ing device.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 682,574Skilton Sept. 10, 1901 851,081 Faber Apr. 23, 1907 1,570,026 AdamsonJan. 19, 1926 1,609,530 Widmer Dec. 7, 1926 1,737,954 Wilson Dec. 3,1929 1,909,130 Shern May 16, 1933 10 Donato May 28, 1935 Winter Aug. 19,1941 Visitarion Apr. 14,` `1942 Kanner Feb. 28, 1950 Claret Aug. 22,1950 Simoni Aug. 28, 1951 FOREIGN PATENTSV Switzerland July 10, 1901Italy Sept. 14, 1939 Italy Oct. 4, 1946 Italy Feb. 24, 1947 France Jan.25. 1950

